![]() Feedback includes messages sent in response to other messages. Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interactive model incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way process. The interactive or interaction model of communication, as shown in Figure 2.2.2, describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts (Schramm, 1997). The radio announcer doesn’t really know if you receive their message or not, but if the equipment is working and the channel is free of static, then there is a good chance that the message was successfully received.įigure 2.2.1 The linear model of communicationĪlthough the transmission model may seem simple or even underdeveloped to us today, the creation of this model allowed scholars to examine the communication process in new ways, which eventually led to more complex models and theories of communication. The sender is the radio announcer who encodes a verbal message that is transmitted by a radio tower through electromagnetic waves (the channel) and eventually reaches your (the receiver’s) ears via an antenna and speakers in order to be decoded. Think of how a radio message is sent from a person in the radio studio to you listening in your car. They were also influenced by the advent and spread of new communication technologies of the time such as telegraphy and radio, and you can probably see these technical influences within the model (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). The scholars who designed this model extended on a linear model proposed by Aristotle centuries before that included a speaker, message, and hearer. We are left to presume that the receiver either successfully receives and understands the message or does not. Although the receiver is included in the model, this role is viewed as more of a target or end point rather than part of an ongoing process. ![]() This model focuses on the sender and message within a communication encounter. The linear or transmission model of communication, as shown in Figure 2.2.1, describes communication as a linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver (Ellis & McClintock, 1990). If your roommate has headphones on and is engrossed in a video game, you may need to get their attention by waving your hands before you can ask them about dinner. While communication can be sent and received using any sensory route (sight, smell, touch, taste, or sound), most communication occurs through visual (sight) and/or auditory (sound) channels. Encoded messages are sent through a channel, or a sensory route on which a message travels, to the receiver for decoding. Of course, we don’t just communicate verbally-we have various options, or channels for communication. Do you want to get pizza tonight?” As your roommate receives the message, they decode your communication and turn it back into thoughts in order to make meaning out of it. For example, you may realize you’re hungry and encode the following message to send to your roommate: “I’m hungry. Decoding is the process of turning communication into thoughts. As we will learn later, the level of conscious thought that goes into encoding messages varies. Encoding is the process of turning thoughts into communication. The internal cognitive process that allows participants to send, receive, and understand messages is the encoding and decoding process. For example, when you say “Hello!” to your friend, you are sending a message of greeting that will be received by your friend. The message is the verbal or nonverbal content being conveyed from sender to receiver. In communication models, the participants are the senders and/or receivers of messages in a communication encounter. The first two models we will discuss, the transmission model and the interaction model, include the following parts: participants, messages, encoding, decoding, and channels. Although these models of communication differ, they contain some common elements.
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